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Government Shutdown Again? How Often in the Last Decade Has This Happened

Written By quinta-feira, 17 de março de 2022 Add Comment Edit

Abeyance of "non-essential" government services in the United States due to a funding lapse

Government shutdowns in the U.s.a. occur when there is a failure to enact funding legislation to finance the authorities for its next fiscal twelvemonth or a temporary funding measure. Ever since a 1980 estimation of the 1884 Antideficiency Deed, a "lapse of appropriation" due to a political impasse on proposed appropriation bills requires that the US federal government curtail bureau activities and services, close down not-essential operations, furlough non-essential workers, and only retain essential employees in departments covering the safety of human being life or protection of property.[one] Voluntary services may only be accepted when required for the safety of life or property.[one] Shutdowns can also occur within and disrupt state, territorial, and local levels of authorities.

Since the enactment of the Usa government's electric current budget and appropriations process in 1976, there have been a total of 22 funding gaps in the federal budget, x of which take led to federal employees beingness furloughed. Prior to 1980, funding gaps did not lead to government shutdowns, until Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti issued a legal opinion requiring the government to be shut down when a funding gap occurs.[2] This stance was not consistently adhered to through the 1980s, merely since 1990 all funding gaps lasting longer than a few hours accept led to a shutdown.

Some of the most significant shutdowns in U.South. history have included the 21-day shutdown of 1995–1996 during the Bill Clinton administration over opposition to major spending cuts; the 16-day shutdown in 2013 during the Barack Obama assistants caused by a dispute over implementation of the Affordable Intendance Human action (ACA);[three] and the 35-day shutdown of 2018-2019 during the Donald Trump administration, the longest shutdown in US history,[four] caused past a dispute over the funding amount for an expansion of the U.S.–Mexico edge barrier.[5] [6]

Shutdowns cause the disruption of government services and programs, including the closure of national parks and institutions (in particular, due to shortages of federal employees). A major loss of government revenue comes from lost labor from furloughed employees who are even so paid, as well as loss of fees that would take been paid during the shutdown. Shutdowns also cause a significant reduction in economic growth (depending on the length of the shutdown). During the 2013 shutdown, Standard & Poor'southward, the financial ratings agency, stated on October xvi that the shutdown had "to date taken $24 billion out of the economy", and "shaved at least 0.6 percent off annualized fourth-quarter 2013 Gdp growth".[seven]

Federal government [edit]

Overview [edit]

Under the separation of powers created by the The states Constitution, the appropriation and control of government funds for the United States is the sole responsibility of the U.s. Congress. Congress begins this procedure through proposing an appropriation pecker aimed at determining the levels of spending for each federal department and government program. The finalized version of the bill is then voted upon by both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Afterwards it passes both chambers, information technology proceeds to the President of the Us to sign the bill into police force.

Government shutdowns tend to occur when at that place is a disagreement over budget allocations earlier the existing cycle ends. Such disagreements can come from the President – through vetoing any finalized appropriation bills they receive – or from one or both chambers of Congress,[8] [nine] oft from the political party that has command over that bedroom. A shutdown tin be temporarily avoided through the enactment of a continuing resolution (CR), which tin can extend funding for the government for a set menses, during which time negotiations tin exist fabricated to supply an appropriation bill that all involved parties of the political deadlock on spending can hold upon. Notwithstanding, a CR can be blocked by the same parties if at that place are bug with the content of the resolution beak that either political party has a disagreement upon, in which example a shutdown volition inevitably occur if a CR cannot be passed past the Business firm, Senate or President. Congress may, in rare cases attempt to override a presidential veto of an appropriation bill or CR, only such an act requires in that location to be majority support of 2-thirds of both chambers.

Initially, many federal agencies continued to operate during shutdowns, while minimizing all nonessential operations and obligations, believing that Congress did not intend that agencies close downwardly while waiting for the enactment of annual appropriations acts or temporary appropriations. However, Attorney Full general Benjamin Civiletti issued two opinions in 1980 and 1981, that more than strictly interpreted the Antideficiency Act in the context of a funding gap, forth with its exceptions. The opinions stated that, with some exceptions, the head of an agency could avoid violating the Deed simply past suspending the agency's operations until the enactment of an cribbing. In the absenteeism of appropriations, exceptions would exist allowed only when in that location is some reasonable and articulible connection betwixt the function to be performed and the prophylactic of human being life or the protection of property.[x] However, even subsequently the Civiletti opinions, not all funding gaps led to shutdowns. Of the nine funding gaps between 1980 and 1990, but 4 led to furloughs.[eleven]

Shutdowns of the type experienced past the United States are nearly impossible in other forms of authorities:

  • Under the parliamentary systems used in nearly European and Asian nations, stalemates inside the government are much less probable, as the executive caput of government (i.east. the prime number minister) must exist a member of the legislature majority, and must maintain the approval of the legislature to remain in power (confidence and supply). Typically a legislature is suspended if a upkeep fails to pass (loss of supply), and the head of regime must resign. Then the head of country may either appoint another member of legislature who can garner majority support, or dissolve the legislature and conduct fresh full general elections.
  • In other presidential systems, the executive branch typically has the authority to go along the government functioning even without an approved budget.[12]

Effects [edit]

Units of the National Park Organisation closed during the 2013 federal regime shutdown. Shown here is the National Mall.

While authorities shutdowns prior to the 1995–1996 shutdowns had very mild effects, a total federal government shutdown causes a big number of civilian federal employees to be furloughed. During a regime shutdown, furloughed government employees are prohibited from even checking their email from domicile. To enforce this prohibition, many agencies crave employees to return their government-issued electronic devices for the duration of the shutdown.[13]

Because of the size of the government workforce, the furnishings of a shutdown can exist seen in macroeconomic data. For case, with payment delayed to 1.3 1000000 workers, and 800,000 employees locked out,[14] confidence in the chore market place decreased but recovered within a calendar month of the 2013 shutdown,[15] [sixteen] and Gross domestic product growth slowed 0.one–0.2%.[fourteen] All the same, the loss of Gdp from a shutdown is a bigger sum than it would cost to continue the government open.[17]

However, the complete furnishings of a shutdown are often clouded by missing information that cannot exist collected while specific government offices are closed.[14]

Additionally, some furnishings of the shutdown are hard to direct measure, and are idea to cause balance impacts in the months post-obit a shutdown. Some examples include destroyed scientific studies, lack of investment, and deferred maintenance costs.[18] [19] The length of the 2018–2019 shutdown curtailed safety and police force enforcement investigations, caused air travel delays as essential workers stopped showing upwards, shut downwardly some facilities for Native Americans and tourists, and delayed regulatory approvals and immigration hearings for non-detainees.

The exact details of which regime functions cease during a shutdown is adamant by the Function of Management and Budget.[20]

What stays open [edit]

  • "Emergency personnel" go on to be employed, including the agile duty (Title 10) war machine, federal law enforcement agents, doctors and nurses working in federal hospitals, and air traffic controllers.[20]
  • Members of Congress continue to be paid, because their pay cannot be altered except by directly constabulary.[21]
  • Postal service delivery is not afflicted equally information technology is self-funded and the funds are not appropriated past Congress.[22]
  • Sometimes the Washington, D.C. municipal government remains open. For example, during the 2013 shutdown, the city remained open because mayor Vincent C. Gray declared the entire municipal government to be essential.[23]

What shuts down [edit]

  • For the Department of Defense force, at least half of the civilian workforce, and the full-time, dual-status military technicians in the US National Guard and traditional Guardsmen (those on Championship 32 condition) are furloughed and not paid while the shutdown is in effect.[24] [25]
  • Programs that are funded past laws other than annual appropriations acts (like Social Security) may also exist afflicted by a funding gap, if program execution relies on activities that receive annually appropriated funding.[10]
  • Sometimes parts of the Washington, D.C. municipal government shut down, closing schools and suspending utilities such as garbage collection.[26]

Arguments for and confronting [edit]

During the 2013 shutdown, the moral philosopher Peter Vocalist argued in Slate, that shutdowns were show that the U.S. Constitution's separation of powers constituted "a fundamental flaw."[27]

In 2019, following the end of the 2018–nineteen shutdown, Michael Shindler argued in The American Conservative that shutdowns protect popular sovereignty. He writes, "No other political phenomena and so forcefully and dramatically obliges the whole people to recognize that their ideological divisions have become so swell that the practise of their sovereignty has become almost impossible," and "During a shutdown, the authorities, which is bound by elaborate mechanisms to the national will, becomes confused. For a moment, information technology seems equally if the march of American history is at a standstill. In that location are just 2 means of moving forrad: either regime officials follow the will of something other than the nation or the nation engages in a momentous reconciliation of its will."[28]

List of federal shutdowns [edit]

Overview of shutdowns involving furloughs
Shutdown Days Agencies
affected 		Employees
furloughed 		Price to
government 		President Refs
1980 one FTC only 1,600 $700,000 Carter [29] [30]
1981 1 241,000 $80–ninety million Reagan [31]
1984 ane (approx. 4 hrs.) 500,000 $65 million [31]
1986 1 (approx. 4 hrs.) all 500,000 $62.two 1000000 [31]
1990 iii all 2,800 $2.57 one thousand thousand H.W. Bush-league [32]
November 1995 v some 800,000 $400 1000000 Clinton [10] [33]
1995–1996 21 some 284,000
2013 16 all 800,000 $2.1 billion Obama [34] [35]
Jan 2018 iii all 692,900 Trump [36]
2018–19 35 some 380,000 $5 billion [37] [38]

This list includes only major funding gaps which led to actual employee furloughs inside federal departments of the US government. It does not include funding gaps that did not involve shutdowns of government departments, in which examples include: a cursory funding gap in 1982, in which nonessential workers were told to written report to work just to cancel meetings and not perform their ordinary duties;[39] a three-day funding gap in November 1983 that did not disrupt government services;[11] and a 9-hour funding gap in February 2018 that did not disrupt government services.[40] [41]

1980 [edit]

On 1 May 1980, during the Presidential term of Jimmy Carter, the Federal Trade Committee (FTC) was shut down for ane mean solar day later on Congress failed to pass an appropriations neb for the bureau, due to differing opinions towards its oversight of the US economy. Prior to the shutdown, a review had been fabricated of the 1884 Antideficiency Act regarding Congressional approval of bureau funding, in which initial opinion on the subject had been that this did non require a authorities bureau to be closed downwardly in the wake of the expiration of their funding, before Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti overruled this opinion with his ain on 25 April 1980, stating that a provision of this human activity stipulated to the contrary.[29] Five days later, the FTC was shutdown after Congress delayed funding for the agency in order to seek approval for an authorization bill to limit the agency's investigative and rule-making abilities following criticism of the FTC's aggressive monitoring of the economy.[42]

The 1980 shutdown was the offset time a federal agency shut down due to a upkeep dispute,[43] with around one,600 federal workers for the FTC being furloughed as a result,[29] [30] and Federal Marshals deployed to some FTC facilities to enforce their closure.[44] The shutdown concluded after one day when Carter threatened to close down the entire US government if Congress did not laissez passer spending bills by 1 Oct later that year, with economists of the time estimating that the ane-twenty-four hour period shutdown of the FTC toll the government around $700,000, the majority of which was towards dorsum pay for the furloughed workers.[29] [xxx] In the backwash of the shutdown, Civiletti issued a revised edition of his original stance on 18 Jan 1981, detailing that shutdowns would still require agencies that protect human safety or property to continue operating if funding for them expired.[xxx]

1981, 1984, and 1986 [edit]

A recorded message used by the White House telephone switchboard during the 1981 shutdown

In 1981, 1984, and 1986, thousands of federal employees were furloughed for a period of betwixt 12 and 24 hours during both Presidential terms of Ronald Reagan. The deadlocks focused on disagreements by Reagan towards Congressional bills that went against his political behavior and goals. The offset shutdown took place on 23 November 1981, lasting for a 24-hour interval and placing 241,000 federal employees into furlough,[31] after Reagan vetoed a proposed appropriation bill that contained a reduced prepare of spending cuts than he had proposed for select government departments.[45] While the shutdown affected only a number of authorities departments,[46] economists of the time believed that it cost taxpayers an estimated $80–90 million in back pay and other expenses over the entire day.[31]

The second shutdown occurred on the afternoon of 4 October 1984, with 500,000 federal employees placed on furlough during this period, after Reagan mounted opposition towards the inclusion of a water projects package and a civil rights measure inside the proposed appropriations bill that day.[31] While the shutdown covered around nine of the 13 appropriations bills that had not been passed at that point, Congress was forced to remove both of the opposed elements of the pecker and include funding of the Nicaraguan Contras equally a compromise to cease the shutdown,[45] with economists believing that the short period cost taxpayers an estimated $65 meg in backpay.[31]

The tertiary shutdown took place over a similar period and furloughed the aforementioned number of federal employees on 17 October 1986. Economists estimated that this period toll the US government $62 million in lost piece of work.[31] All government agencies were affected by this shutdown.[47]

1990 [edit]

The shutdown of 1990 occurred during the Presidential term of George H. W. Bush and focused on a disagreement over several measures he proposed for the 1991 appropriations bill - the inclusion of major tax increases, despite Bush-league's entrada promise confronting any new taxes,[48] and major cuts in spending towards benefit programs, including Medicare, to combat deficit reduction. On 5 October 1990, liberal Democrats and conservative Republicans, led by then House Minority Whip Newt Gingrich, opposed the initial appropriations package,[49] [50] with Bush vetoing the second resolution to the spending bill the following day on half dozen Oct.[51]

The shutdown lasted until ix October, when Bush agreed to remove his proposed tax increases and reduce the amount of spending cuts, in return for Congress providing a concession on the amended neb to permit for increasing income taxation on the wealthy.[51] The effects of the deadlock were lessened due to the fact that the shutdown occurred beyond the Columbus Day weekend - half-dozen October to 8 October. Simply 2,800 workers were furloughed over this period, with national parks and museums, such as the Smithsonian, being closed, and a handful of departments unable to function, with the toll to the government for lost revenue and back wages being estimated to around $2.57 1000000.[32]

1995–1996 [edit]

Between 1995 and 1996, the U.s.a. government faced two shutdowns during the Presidential term of Bill Clinton, who opposed proposed appropriation bills for 1996 by congressional Republicans (who had a bulk in both chambers) and House Speaker Newt Gingrich. Both Gingrich and the bulk of Congress sought to pass bills that would reduce regime spending, much against Clinton's political objectives for 1996. Clinton objected to funding cuts affecting didactics, the environment, and public health. One proposed bill threatened to block a scheduled reduction he had planned towards premiums within Medicare.[52] Both sides had differing opinions over the affect the proposed House bills would accept over economic growth, medical aggrandizement, and anticipated revenues,[53] with Clinton vetoing the bills over amendments added to them by congressional Republicans, despite Gingrich threatening to refuse to heighten the country's debt ceiling.[53]

The beginning shutdown took place on fourteen November 1995, afterwards a CR issued on 1 October had expired, and meetings between Democrat and Republican leaders failed to end the deadlock.[53] The effect of the deadlock led to the majority of government departments existence closed downwardly and 800,000 federal workers being furloughed as a result. Although the shutdown ended five days after on nineteen November,[10] the political friction between Clinton and Gingrich over the U.s. budget remained unresolved, and on 16 December 1995, after further spending bills failed to secure approval, a second shutdown took place. Although lasting 21 days, fewer departments were airtight downward, and around 284,000 federal workers were furloughed during this period.[10] The shutdown was somewhen concluded on 6 January 1996,[10] when White House and Congressional negotiators worked out a balanced upkeep understanding, which included approval towards minor spending cuts and taxation increases.

Both shutdowns had a contrasting impact on the major political players in the deadlock. Gingrich'southward political career was negatively impacted by the shutdowns, in function due to a comment he made during the deadlock that made it sound like his reasons for it were piddling.[54] [55] Clinton's presidential term was positively improved by the shutdown and cited equally part of the reason behind his successful re-election to the White House in 1996.[56]

Some furnishings of the shutdowns included the authorities, tourism, and airline industry losing millions of dollars in revenue during this catamenia, with disruptions made towards the processing of passports and visas, and work on medical research and toxic waste cleanup being halted.

2013 [edit]

The shutdown of 2013 occurred during the Presidential term of Barack Obama, focusing on a disagreement between Republican-led House of Representatives and the Democratic-led Senate towards the contents of the 2014 Continuing Appropriations Resolution nib, alongside other political issues. Congressional Republicans, encouraged by conservative senators such as Ted Cruz,[57] and conservative groups such as Heritage Action,[58] [59] [60] sought to include several measures to the nib in late 2013 that could delay funding for the 2013 Affordable Care Act (ACA) and thus allow fourth dimension for changes to be fabricated to the act. However, both Obama and Democratic senators refused to agree to these measures, seeking instead for the bill to maintain government funding at then-current sequestration levels with no additional conditions.[61] [62] [63]

The shutdown took place on 1 October 2013, every bit a result of an impasse over the contents of the bill, with the House unable to approve whatever CRs before this appointment. Democrats opposed further efforts by congressional Republicans, led by Business firm Speaker John Boehner, to filibuster funding of the ACA, and rejected piecemeal Resolution bills proposed past them to resolve the shutdown.[64] [65] Equally Congress was at an impasse amidst rise concerns that the US would default on public debt, U.s.a. senators - particularly then Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell then Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid - negotiated a deal to cease the deadlock. Their proposal, which won a Senate vote,[66] approved an amended Resolution bill that would go on funding at sequestration levels, temporarily suspend the debt limit until 7 February 2014, and include a concession to congressional Republicans on the ACA by applying stricter income verification rules in regards to health insurance. Boehner eventually withdrew further objections and delaying attempts confronting the ACA upon the country being inside hours of breaking its debt limit on 16 October 2013,[67] with Congress approval the neb for Obama's signature the post-obit day.[68]

The 16-24-hour interval shutdown had considerable affect upon the The states: approximately 800,000 federal employees were put on furlough, while an boosted 1.3 million had to report to work without any known payment dates during this period,[34] costing the authorities millions in back pay;[69] major regime programmes concerning Native Americans,[70] [71] children,[72] and domestic violence victims,[73] alongside the legal processing of aviary and immigration cases,[74] [75] and sexual assault cases handled by the Function of Ceremonious Rights,[76] were badly disrupted past the shutdown; tourism was profoundly impacted due to the closure of national parks and institutions during the shutdown and cost the government millions in lost revenue; and Usa economic growth was reduced during this menstruation. In political circles, the shutdown had a negative bear upon on Republicans, equally over one-half of Americans held Republicans accountable for the deadlock, in comparison to public opinion on the accountability of both the Democrats and Obama during this period.[77]

January 2018 [edit]

The shutdown of Jan 2018 was the showtime to occur during the Presidential term of Donald Trump and was centered around a disagreement on the issue of immigration. Past the start of October 2017, Congress had failed to corroborate an cribbing bill to fund the US government in 2018, and instead passed three CRs to go on federal agencies open up until 19 Jan 2018. The failure to plant a permanent spending pecker was due to Democratic senators insisting that any proposed House bill needed to include funding for the Deferred Activeness for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) immigration policy and assurances confronting deportation for immigrants that cruel nether the DREAM Human action. Republicans refused to pass such bills, citing that discussions on immigration and those individuals nether DACA would non be held until mid-March of the post-obit year.[78] [79] A senate vote to extend the 2018 Continuing Appropriations Resolution on 19 January 2018, which had passed a congressional vote the previous twenty-four hour period, failed to attain a bulk,[lxxx] after Democratic senators led a filibuster aimed at forcing Republicans to invoke a shorter elapsing of CR and thus invoke negotiations that could lead to extensions of the DACA policy.[81] but failed to achieve a majority, as Democrats sought a shorter duration of CAR to force negotiations.

The shutdown took identify on 20 January 2018, and led to approximately 692,000 federal workers being furloughed.[36] An attempt by Democrats to protect the payment of military personnel during the deadlock was rejected past Republicans, after Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell stated that funding had to be restored for the entire US government rather than for individual regime branches.[82] [83] Despite the pecker's failure, both sides engaged in negotiations that somewhen culminated with a deal on a proposed stopgap measure to fund the regime for four weeks - as part of the proposal, Democrats agreed to end their filibuster and approve the Republican's measure, in commutation for fresh talks on the DACA policy and DREAM Act within newly proposed Resolution pecker. The measure was canonical in the House and passed a Senate vote, effectively ending the shutdown on 23 Jan.[84]

The bear on of the shutdown was not equally severe as in previous deadlocks - well-nigh government departments, such as the Section of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency, were able to continue their functions during the three-24-hour interval deadlock despite their workers needing back-pay in the aftermath,[85] and only a third of National Parks in the United States were closed downward.[86] In the aftermath of the shutdown, the Senate debated on a pecker for the 2018 Bipartisan Upkeep Act to provide two-year funding for the armed forces, and provide an extension to the Resolution to keep the regime funded for another 6 weeks, but suffered delays that triggered the brief 9 February spending gap, though caused little disruptions and did not forbid the signing of the nib after it came to an end within nine hours.

Dec 2018–January 2019 [edit]

The shutdown of December 2018–January 2019 was the second to occur during the Presidential term of Donald Trump, and was due to a disagreement over negotiations for Trump's wall along the United mexican states–U.s.a. border. Trump sought to have the appropriation beak for 2019 include a funding measure on edge security, providing $5.7 billion toward construction of the wall.[87] [88] Democrats refused to support the bill, citing that the funding would be a waste product of taxpayer money and questioned the effectiveness the new wall would accept, opting to suggest bills that would include funding for edge security, but towards improving pre-existing security measures. Trump initially backed down on demands for edge wall funding, but reversed this decision on xx December 2018 over pressure level from supporters, refusing to sign whatsoever CRs that did not include information technology.[89] [90]

The shutdown began on 22 December 2018, after Democrats refused to back up a new CR in the Senate that included approximately $five billion for the new border wall,[91] [92] and continued to block farther attempts upon taking control of Congress on iii January 2019 post-obit the 2018 mid-term elections. Although he had support from several Republicans, including Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, Trump faced stiff opposition to border wall funding from Business firm Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, with neither party able to break the political impasse through negotiations,[93] rallying public support through televised addresses,[94] [95] offering proposals on alternative edge security funding measures,[96] or making concessions for a proposed appropriation bill with regards to the DACA policy.[97] [98] The deadlock somewhen ended on 25 January 2019, when both chambers of Congress approved a programme to reopen the Us authorities for 3 weeks, in order to facilitate a period of negotiations to determine a suitable appropriation nib that both parties could hold upon, with Trump endorsing the deal amongst rising security and safety concerns.[99] [100] [101]

The 35-day shutdown, the longest in Usa history later on surpassing the 21-solar day shutdown of 1995–1996,[102] led to 380,000 federal workers beingness furloughed, and an additional 420,000 workers were required to piece of work without any known payment dates during this period, forcing many to notice other paid work or protest against the extended menses of the deadlock.[103] [104] The extent of the funding gap had further major impacts - sharp reductions had to be made on SNAP payments,[105] [106] and the Internal Revenue Service faced extensive delays on processing tax refunds worth around $140 billion;[107] a lack of resources due to the funding gap impacted the work of several agencies, with the FBI facing major disruptions that risked compromising a number of investigations being conducted at the time;[107] [108] staff shortages in the Transportation Security Administration caused a number of airports to be closed down as a result; and economical growth was severely reduced by billions of dollars.[109] [110] [111] [112]

Co-ordinate to the Congressional Budget Office, the shutdown cost the government $3 billion in back pay for furloughed workers, plus $2 billion in lost tax revenues due to reduced tax evasion compliance activities past the Internal Acquirement Service, and a smaller corporeality of lost fees such as for visits to national parks, for a total of near $5 billion.[38]

State and territorial governments [edit]

Year Starting time appointment End date Total days Location References
1991 Jul ane Jul 17 17 Maine [113]
1991 Jul 1 Aug 23 54 Connecticut [113]
1991 Jul 2 Aug 4 34 Pennsylvania [113]
1992 Jul 1 Sep 1 63 California [114]
2002 Jul ane Jul iii 3 Tennessee [113] [115]
2005 Jul 1 Jul 9 9 Minnesota [116]
2006 May 1 May thirteen 13 Puerto Rico [117]
2006 Jul 1 Jul 8 8 New Jersey [118]
2007 Oct ane Oct 1 1 (approx. 4hrs) Michigan [119]
2007 Jul 11 Jul 12 1 (approx. 6hrs) Pennsylvania [120] [121]
2009 Oct one Oct 1 1 (approx. 6hrs) Michigan [122]
2011 Jul one Jul 20 20 Minnesota

[113]

2015 Jul 1 Jul 6 half-dozen Illinois [ citation needed ]
2017 Jul one Jul 4 3 New Bailiwick of jersey [123] [124]
2017 Jul 1 Jul 4 4 Maine [125]

Canton governments [edit]

Yr Start date End date Total days Location References
2005 February 7 Feb 7 i Erie County, NY [126] [127] [128]

Come across also [edit]

  • Loss of supply
  • Budget crisis
  • Budget deficit
  • Chiffonier crisis
  • Constitutional crisis
  • Gridlock (politics)
  • Fiscal policy
  • Generational accounting
  • Lockout
  • 1975 Australian ramble crisis

U.S. [edit]

  • Arrears hawk
  • Taxation in the United States
  • Fiscal policy in the United states
  • National debt by U.S. presidential terms
  • Starve the beast
  • United States federal budget
  • United States public debt
  • Appropriations bill (United States)

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b The Odd Story of the Law That Dictates How Regime Shutdowns Piece of work
  2. ^ Make government shutdowns incommunicable again - The Week
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  5. ^ "Government to shut downwardly in fight over Trump's border wall". Reuters. December 22, 2018. Archived from the original on December 22, 2018. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
  6. ^ Matthews, Dylan (Jan 19, 2018). "Government shutdown 2018: All 18 previous government shutdowns, explained". Vocalism.
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  14. ^ a b c Economist, The (October v, 2013). "Closed until further observe". The Economist. Archived from the original on August 4, 2014. Retrieved Baronial 1, 2014.
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External links [edit]

  • Congressional Research Service: Shutdown of the Federal Regime: Causes, Processes, and Effects

osbornecocand.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_shutdowns_in_the_United_States

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