If I Had Dvt Before and Im Cramping Again Should I Be Worried

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Vocabulary: Ecology and environment. Problems of large cities.

Grammar: Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Содержание темы

1. Types of Conditionals.
2. Mixed Conditionals.
3. Other tenses in provisional sentences.
4. The Subjunctive.
5. Present and past reference with 'I wish', 'if only' and 'it's (high) time'.
6. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if simply.
7. 'Would' and 'could' afterwards 'I wish' and 'if only'.
8. 'It'south (loftier) time' and 'It'due south (almost) time'.
9. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'.
10. Expressing preferences about other people's actions.
11. 'I'd rather.

Grammar

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Blazon I Настоящее время	If-придаточое прдложение (hypothesis) + Presen Tenses	Time to come/Imperatie/can/may/might/must/should + Инфинитив без to
	if + любая форма настоящего времени (Present South., Present Cont. or Present Pert.)
	If you finish work early on, we'll become for a walk.
	If the weather is nice, we'll go swimming.
		Действия, которые совершаться в настоящем или будущем времени
	If you have finished your coffee, we tin pay the bill.
	If you lot're sick, come across a dr.! If y'all burn yourself, it hurts.
Blazon 2 Не реальные действия для настоящего или будущего	If + Past Unproblematic or Past Continuous	would/could/might + bare infinitive
	If I had money, I would travel round the world. (but I don't accept money - untrue in the present)
	If I were a bird, I could fly.
		Нереальные, которые не совершатся. Для настоящего или будущего времени.
	If I were you, I would take an umbrella, (advice)
Type 3 Не реальные действия для прошедшего времени	If + Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous	would/could/might + have + past participle
	If nosotros hadn't left and then early, we would have missed the plane.
	If I had been invited, I would have gone to the party.
	If you had told me earlier about your issues, I would have helped you , but now it's besides late.	Нереальные, которые не совершились. Для прошедшего времени.
	If the weather hadn't been so nasty yesterday, we would non have stayed at dwelling all day long.

Expressions

Conditionals are normally introduced past IF; the following expressions can be uses in stead of IF: providing,  provided (that), as long as, in example, on condition (that), but for (=without), otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, fifty-fifty if, only if, unless.

2.1 If only : This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations. With by events it adds a sense of regret. The second part of the sentence is oft left out.

If only  I had plenty fourth dimension!

If only  I hadn 't drunk as well much, this wouldn 't have happened!

2.2 Unless and other alternatives

Unless merely if not.  Not all negative IF-sentences can exist transformed into unless  sentences.

If he wasn 't told  by Jane, he couldn 't have known .

Unless he was told  past Jane, he couldn 't accept known , (tin can be changed)

If Mr Smith doesn 't come back , he 'II phone  you. (cannot exist changed)

If one situation depends on some other, it tin be replaced past as/so long every bit, provided  or only if .

2.three Only if combines with other time expressions and is used with past simple

But after posting the alphabetic character did  I remember that I had forgotten to put on a stamp. (inversion)

I'll do  what you say provided the law are non  informed.

2.iv Fifty-fifty if describes how something will happen whatsoever the condition.

Fifty-fifty if it rains , we'll even so go  for a picnic.

two.5 Simply for him , I wouldn't accept been able to survive. (If he hadn't helped me…)

2.6 Supposing it rains, will you yet go for a picnic?

ii.7 What if  it rains,  will you go for a walk?

2.8 We  can omit "if", when should, were and  had come before the subject.

Should, come , tell him to expect for me.

Were you, I would speak to her. known , he would take told us.

4. Other tenses in conditional sentences

4.1 Going to Going to  can replace volition.

If you fall, you lot  're going to  hurt yourself.

If you  're going to  make problem, we '2 call the police.

4.2 Nowadays perfect This can be used to emphasis completion after if.

If y'all' ve finished , then nosotros'll go. It is also possible in both parts of the sentence.

If I've  told you  once, I've told  you a hundred times!

four.3 Dubiousness and doubtfulness

An additional not  can be added in formal expressions involving incertitude. This emphasizes the uncertainty and does not add a negative significant.

I wouldn 't exist surprised if information technology didn 't pelting.  (I think it will rain.)

4.4 Should

if,  this makes the possibility of an consequence seem unlikely.

If you should  meet Ann, could  you ask her to call me?

This implies that I do not expect you to see Ann.

iv.5 Were to This also makes an event seem more than hypothetical.

If I were to ask  you to marry me, what would y'all say?

4.6 Happen to

This emphasizes chance possibilities. Information technology is ofttimes used with should.

If you  happen to  encounter Helen, could you ask her to phone call me?

If you  should happen to be passing,  drop in for a cup of tea.

4.vii If it were not for/If information technology hadn 't been for

This describes how one outcome depends on another.

If it  weren  't for Jim, this company would be in a mess.

If it  hadn 't  been for  their goalkeeper, United would have lost.

4.8 Volition and would :  politeness and emphasis These tin can exist used as polite forms.

If you  volition/would wait  here, I'll see if Mrs Dark-green is free.

Will  tin can also exist used for accent, meaning 'insist on doing'.

If you will stay out tardily, no wonder you are tired! (insist on staying)

iv.9 If and adjectives

In expressions such as if it is necessary/possible  information technology is possible to omit the verb be. If interested,  utilize within.  If necessary,  accept a taxi.

4.ten  Formally if can hateful although ,  usually equally if + adjective.

The room was well-furnished, if a little  badly decorated.

five.1 Subjunctive sentences: SUBJECT + VERB + THAT + SUBJECT +  INF. without to

  John'due south mother insisted that he  return  dwelling early.

5.two. Subjunctive  обозначает особую группу глагольных временных форм (типа pres . — exist ; past  — were for all persons  — для глагола to be  или infinitive without to  — для других глаголов), используемых для описания событий, которые вряд ли когда-либо будут иметь место, но которые являются предметом наших надежд, мечтаний, желаний.

v.3 The Present Subjunctive

The Nowadays Subjunctive is used after
Verbs	Impersonal expressions
Indicating that ane person wants another one to do something
Advise, gild, demand, ask, crave, recommend, control, advise, insist, suggest	It is  necessary, of import, proposed, recommended, suggested
He suggested that she become  at that place. He suggested that they should become there.	Information technology is suggested that she become  at that place

5.4 Notation the difference:

British variant:  I insist that you should leave  without her.

   It is recommended that you should publish  your book.

American variant:   I insist that you go out  without her.

   It is recommended that you publish  your book

5.v The By Subjunctive  prefers to use were  instead of was.

She behaves as if she were  / was a queen.

I wish it were true

six. Nowadays and past reference with 'I wish', 'if simply' and 'information technology's (loftier) time'

(I) wish, if only. it'due south (loftier) time and it's (virtually) time,  we 'go one tense back':

ane The past tense refers to the nowadays: I wish I had  a better watch!  (Now)

2 The past perfect tense refers to the past: If merely you had asked  me first!  (THEN)

vii. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if merely

7.1 Nosotros ofttimes employ I wish  for things that might (however) happen:

I wish I knew  the reply!  (= it's possible I might find out the reply)

If only  is stronger. We use it to express regret for things that can (now) never happen:

If only your mother were  alive now!  (Of course, / wish  is also possible.)

7.2 We may use the simple past of be  afterwards wish  and if merely

I wish I was  on vacation now.  If only Tessa was  here now!

If we desire to be more formal, we apply were  in all persons

I wish I were  on holiday now.  If only Tessa were  hither!

7.three We may use the past perfect of exist  for things that can never happen:

I wish I had been  on holiday concluding week.  If merely Tessa had been  here yesterday!

7.4 We utilize the past or past perfect forms of other verbs:

I wish I knew  the answer to your question.

I wish I had known  so what I know now!

eight. 'Would' and 'could' after 'I wish' and 'if only'

We must use could,  not would,  after /and nosotros.  Compare:

I can't swim.                           → I wish I could  swim.

Nosotros weren't together!              → I wish we could accept been together

We sometimes use / wish you (he. she.  etc.) would(n't)  like an imperative:

(I am making a lot of noise!)  → I wish you wouldn't make so much noise!

(He is making a lot of dissonance!)  → I wish he would be  repose!

9. 'Information technology'due south (loftier) fourth dimension' and 'Information technology'south (about) time'

We employ It's time, It's loftier time  and it's about fourth dimension  to express present or future wishes, or to express our impatience almost things that haven't happened yet:

Kim can't even boil an egg. - I know.

It'southward time/high time/about time she learnt to cook!

x. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'

Nosotros use would rather and would sooner to express preference.

We can refer to the present or the future:

I'd rather/I'd sooner be a builder than an builder.

Or nosotros tin refer to the past:

If I could choose over again, I'd rather/sooner have been  a builder than an architect.

11. Expressing preferences most other people's actions

11.1 We can refer to other people after I'd rather or I'd sooner.

I'd rather go out  on an earlier train.  (= I'm referring to myself)

I'd rather Jack left on an before railroad train. ( I want him to get out)

xi.2 We apply the past tense form later I'd rather to  refer to the present or future.

I'd rather be  happy.  I'd rather not sit adjacent to her. (=  for myself)

I'd rather she were/was  happy. (= now)

I'd rather she didn't sit  side by side to me. (= now)

11.3 We use the past perfect form later I'd rather to  refer to by time.

I'd rather have been  present. (=  then - I'yard referring to myself)

I'd rather you had been  present,  (so)

I'd rather you hadn't told me  well-nigh it.  (then)

12. 'I'd rather he didn't'

We more often than not omit the main part of the verb in short responses:

12.1 negative responses:

Frank is going to buy  a motorbike. - I'd rather  he didn't.

I′ve told  everyone about it.   - I'd rather  y'all hadn't.

12.2 affirmative responses:

Frank won't surrender  his present chore. - I'd rather  he did.

I haven't told  anyone most it. - I'd rather  you had.

12.iii We practise not have to echo the main verb in a complete sentence:

You e'er become  without me and I'd rather  you didn't.

Vocabulary

Ecology and environment. Problems of large cities.

Report the important vocabulary:

1. The conditions:

Cold weather: the chilly days of fall, common cold days of winter, frosts, icy roads, sleet rain and snow, severe blizzards, snowdrifts, freezing conditions, the ground thaws, ice melts.

Warm/hot weather: close, stifling, boiling, scorching, humid, mild, heatwave

Wet weather: damp, drizzle, shower, cascade down / downpour, storm, thunderstorm, torrential rain, flood; brume/hazy, mist/misty, fog/foggy, smog

Current of air: gentle breeze, good air current, blustery day, gale warning, hurricane

2. The Natural World:

Animals: species, reptile, dinosaur, bird, fish, gills, mammal, nest, fly, tail, claws, paw, hoof; Flowers and trees: pollen, leaves, branch, body, roots, bark; Names of copse: oak, fir, evergreen pine, birch; Verbs: to flower/bloom, extinct, hide, thrive, selection flowers, plant, fertilize, harvest crops.

3. The environment:

Brook, stream, river; hillock, hill, mountain; cove, bay, gulf; trees, wood, woods;   puddle, pond, lake; footpath, lane, road

Where land meets sea: coast, shore, beach, estuary, cliff, greatcoat,  peninsula;

Words connected with rivers: source, tributary, waterfall, mouth, valley, gorge; Words continued with mountains:  human foot, ridge, peak, summit, glacier;

4. Environmental problems:

air, river and sea pollution; overfishing, the greenhouse effect, the destruction of the ozone layer, the destruction of the rainforests, battery farming, waste disposal, rubbish, re-cycling

Nosotros should:  avoid spray cans, practice organic farming, use unleaded petrol, recycle paper and canteen banks

Problems: overpopulation, unemployment , famine, ignorance, diseases

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

Grammar

one. I finished digging in half an hr but I felt equally if I ____ for hours.

1. worked
2. had worked
3. work
4. have worked

two. Information technology's  time nosotros ____ our parents. We ____ them for ____ long fourth dimension.

1. visited, haven't visited, such
2. have visited, didn't see, so
3. had visited, hadn't seen, a very
4. visited, haven't seen, such a

3. If I had known that he needed money, I ____ him some. I had ____ dollars to spare.

1. would take borrowed, some
2. might give, few
3. would requite, a little
4. would have lent, a few

4. His gesture ____ impatience. He looked as if he ____ for hours.

1. indicated, is waiting
2. offered, had waited
3. suggested, had been waiting
4. showed, waited

5. He had written his accost down the last morn, she remembered, and said that if she ____ to Paris he ____ happy to see her again.

1. had ever come, will feel
2. comes, will be
3. would come, may be
4. e'er came, would be

6. Minnie had a souvenir for mathematics and probably could become ____ teaching in the department if she ____ it upon graduation.

1. a chore, wanted
2. piece of work, will have wanted
3. task, wished
4. a position, wants

7. He stood strong and impotent with anger. She stared into the mirror as if he ____.

1. doesn't be
2. didn't exist
3. hadn't existed
4.  won't exist

8. If only we ____ a phone! I'k tired of queueing exterior the public phone box.

1. had had
2. had
3. accept had
4. tin take

9. He said that if the war ____ he would have to leave the country at once.

1. breaks out
2. broken out
3. broke out
4. will break out

10. And so he said: "If this man ____, the whole dirty story will come out, and I don't want it ____ ."

1. will be arrested, come out
2. is arrested, to come out
3. will arrest, coming out
4. is beingness arrested, to come out

eleven. "There are ____ institutions, of course, just information technology's not very easy to get into them unless you ____ influential friends."

1. charitable, oasis't got
2. charity's, accept got
3. charity, don't have
4. charity, accept

12. "If zilch ____ , said she, beaming at them, we shall exist back in England for ____ Christmas."

1. will happen, -
2. happened, a
3. happens, -
4. will accept happened, the

thirteen. At ____ dawn she looked weak and pale, every bit though she ____ upwards all night.

1. - , had been
2. the, were
3. a, was
4. - , has been

14. They all acted every bit if they ____ at a family reunion, as if they ____ each other in years.

1. had been, didn't see
2. were, hadn't seen
3. were, haven't seen
4. have been, hadn't seen

fifteen. I realized that if they ____ their heads, they ____ my stake face looking at them over the pile of suitcases.

1. had turned, can encounter
2. turned, would be able to see
3. will turn, volition see
4. take turned, would come across

16. "I accept some work that ____ be finished earlier I ____ on my holiday."

1. would, volition go away
2. ought, am away
3. should, will get away
4. must, get abroad

17. If Martin ____ her ____ that way he ____ have taken offence.

1. hears, speaking, can
2. had heard, speak, would
3. heard, to speak, might
4. had heard, speak, must

18. They took care of her every bit though they ____ her parents.

1. are
2. were
3. had been
4. accept been

xix. I ____ to help if I ____ I would be whatever utilise.

1. would suggest, thought
2. volition advise, could have idea
3. might suggest, could recollect
4. would offering, idea

twenty. It was long ____ I had final seen her and if someone had not mentioned her proper name I ____ her.

1. since, mustn't have recognized
2. from, shouldn't recognize
3. since, wouldn't have recognized
4. while, couldn't take recognized

21. Information technology's loftier fourth dimension you ____ in ____ bed too, my child.

1. are, -
2. must be, the
3. were, -
4. should be, a

22. If I hadn't been there something very unpleasant ____ to him.

1. could happen
2. might have happened
3. was to happen
4. must take happened

23. If he ____ at one time he might have saved us a lot of problem.

1. were sent for
2. is sent for
3. had been sent for
4. volition be sent for

24. I could non imagine ____ wishing to spend three months in that location; unless it ____ somebody who wanted to hide.

1. none, was
2. someone, was not
3. people, were not
4. anyone, was

25. He looked at me equally if he ____ what they had on their minds.

1. is wondering
2. has been wondering
3. were wondering
4. had been wondered

26. I wished that Thomas ____ me there.

1. has non brought
2. had not brought
3. does not bring
4. was not brought

27. "But we ____ in briefing for two hours," he said. "It's high time ____ a tea break."

1. are, having had
2. were, we have
3. take been existence, to accept
4. have been, we had

28. If John ____ to see a dentist, permit him ____ toothache.

1. is refusing, to endure
2. refuses, suffer
3. refused, suffering
4. will reject, suffering

29. "Yous had better ____ domicile. You're likely to get into trouble if you ____ here."

1. go, stay
2. to get, have stayed
3. hurry, will stay
4. to hurry, are staying

30. If we ____ waterproof coats it ____ pleasant enough to bulldoze in that spring rain.

1. had had, would accept been
2. have had, would be
3. shall have, is
4. are having, volition exist

31. He wondered a little ruefully but what Dad ____ if he ____ virtually his relations with Jan.

1. would say, knew
2. might say, had known
3. would have said, learns
4. should say, has learned

32. And and so he saw that Doreen ____ , and he felt as though someone ____ him in the stomach.

1. was crying, has kicked
2. had been cried, kicked
3. had been crying, had kicked
4. cried, had been kicked

33. She scarcely seemed ____ what they were saying. Information technology was as though it ____ her.

1. hearing, did not business
2. to hear, did not concern
3. listening, was non apropos
4. to understand, had non concerned

34. She remembered as though it ____ but yesterday the first time she ____ them.

1. were, was meeting
2. was, has met
3. has been, met
4. had been, had met

i) will be, are ... discussing

2) were, were ... discussing

3) has been, would ... hash out

4) was, will... discuss

36. If you    away with him, go at one time, but don't ask me   him.

1) will get, to meet

ii) volition be going, to have met

iii) are going, to meet

iv) have gone, to be meeting

37. I'one thousand not a poet. Simply if I   poems I   dedicate them to yous.

ane) would, will

two) tin can, shall

3) could, would

4) can, would

38. If I   yous then, what   you accept done?

one) didn't help, would

2) hadn't helped, would

three) didn't, volition

4) haven't helped, will

39. I wish I       poet to describe information technology to you.

1) were, a

2) am, a

3) had been, the

4) was, the

twoscore. I'm tired. It's high time you   and me in peace.

ane) go, go out

ii) have gone, have left

three) would accept gone, leave

4) went, left

41. Why  that pie concluding dark? I wish I   that pie last night.

1) did I eat, had eaten

2) did I eat, hadn't eaten

3) have I eaten, hadn't eaten

iv) did I swallow, didn't consume

42. If she   he was going to be aroused about it, she   that.

1) knew, won't do

2) knows, wouldn't practise

iii) had known, wouldn't have done

iv) would know, accept done

43. You wouldn't be and then tired today if you   to bed when I told yous to. Something should be done to help you lot.

44. If you     your medicine yesterday, you   today.

i) had taken, would be well

2) took, would be amend

3) take, will be good

four) have taken, would accept been well

45. If he   such bad writing, I   these letters.

1) didn't take, tin can have read

2) didn't have, could read

3) hadn't had, tin can read

four) didn't have, could take read

46. Why didn't I inquire her out? If merely I   her out! Everything   .

1) enquire, will change

ii) asked, would alter

three) had asked, would have inverse

4) would ask, had changed

47. If I    overseas instead of him, I   something and   somebody.

1) would become, earnt, were

2) would have gone, have learnt, been

iii) had gone, might have learnt, been

4) went, may acquire, be

48. If she   with him at this moment, the doubt and loneliness   evaporate. Simply he was alone.

ane) was, will

2) were, would

iii) have been, would

four) had been, would have

52. I shall go there provided you   to accompany me. Information technology's loftier time you lot ____  rything.

i) would consent, are knowing

2) volition consent, have known

three) would have consented, know

4) consent, knew

53. If he   your remark, he     offence. And what'due south more, I've just told y'all that talking mends no holes.

1) had heard, would take

2) heard, would take

3) take heard, would have taken

4) had heard, would take taken

54. He speaks as if he   the subject very well.

ane) had known

2) is knowing

iii) has known

4) knew

i) were, would have checked

two) were, would check

3) am, volition cheque

4) had been, would check

56. If I a spare ticket this evening I  you to the concert.

i) will have, will take

2) had, would take

3) will accept had, tin have

4) had had, could take

57. If the ophidian bite   poisonous, y'all   very bad now.

1) was, will feel

2) had been, are feeling

three) were, would accept felt

4) had been, would feel

58. If she      some lessons, she   her performance.

1) can have, might improve

2) could take, might amend

3) could have had, may improve

4) could have, might to amend

ane) volition turn away, beingness

ii) will be turning from, have been

3) turn downwards, be

4) have turned against, to exist

1) If had he been, would have accompanied, might non take place

ii) Had he been, would have accompanied, might not have taken place

iii) Had he been, would accompany, might not have taken place

4) If he had been, would accompany, might not have place

61. If they   here, I   so glad, equally they  everything to me.

1) would be, were, would explicate

two) were, should be, explained

3) would be, were, explained

iv) were, should be, would explicate

62. If that you   he  very glad.

1) I had told him, would come, would have been

2) had I told him, would come up, had been

iii) I told him, would accept come, would have been

four) I should tell him, would come up, had been

63. If yous u.s. then, all the differences might .

64. If you Dr. Smith earlier, you ill at present.

1) consult, will be

2) didn't consult, can be

3) had consulted, wouldn't be

4) have consulted, won't be

65. If we the question at that meeting, our demands .

ane) had raised, would have been met

2) raised, would run across

three) ascension, would exist met

4) have raised, won't exist met

66. If it dark, nosotros our way.

1) is, would take lost

ii) hadn' t been, might not have lost

3) wasn't, tin can have lost

4) were, will lose

67. I wish you rude remarks virtually me.

2) are not making

iii) wouldn't make

iv) hadn't made

68. He looked at his sis as if he anything like her.

ane) didn't ever seen

ii) has never seen

3) can't see

4) had never seen

69. The exams . It's time nosotros down to work.

1) are coming, got

ii) come, get

three) will come up, are getting

4) take come up, are

70. I wish more than people in the office your sense of sense of humor, Jack.

1) accept

2) can take

3) will take

4) had

Vocabulary

one. Detect the right give-and-take.

1. During the tempest, the climbers sheltered in a cave/cliff/valley.
2. The fields were flooded later the river burst its banks/edges/sides.
3. In the center of the square there is an old fountain/source/tap.
4. After the pelting the street was full of floods/lakes/puddles.
5. A small river/stream/torrent  runs across the bottom of our garden.
6. You must carry a lot of h2o when you cantankerous the desert/plain/sand.
7. From the peak/acme/top  of the hill y'all can run across the sea.
8. It was difficult to swim because the waters/waves/tides  were and so high.
9. I retrieve information technology'southward going to rain. Information technology'southward very overcast/clouding/cloudy.
10.  The church defenseless burn when it was struck by hurricane/lightning/thunder.

2. Choose the right variant:

1. Many people are interested in watching............

ane) wildlife    2) wilds    three) wilderness

2.The dog.........its tail furiously when information technology saw the children.

one) shook    two) wagged    iii) moved

3. A large.........of the tree broke off in the tempest.

1) trunk    2) bark    three) co-operative

four. The children enjoyed rolling down the grassy............

1) mountain    2) cliff   three) slope

five. There was field after field of golden..........waving in the air current.

i) corn    2) bushes    iii) herbs

6. You lot have to sleep under a internet to avert being bitten past...........

1) lobsters   two) cockroaches    3) mosquitoes

7. Before railways were built, many goods were carried on..........

i) channels    2) canals    iii) river.

8. Some wild fauna will become.........if they go used to people.

one) tame    2) organised    iii) piddling

three. Put the right word in each space:

1. We collect honey from our ain bee.....................
2. There's a rabbit....................in the corner of this field.
3. There's a drinking....................on the other side of the park.
4. The hill....................was covered in beautiful wild flowers.
5. What'south the weather....................for tomorrow?
6. You can see the mountain....................among the clouds in the altitude.

4. Choose the right answer:

1. There has been another increment/rising  in the amount of crime.
2. The railroad train was in blow/collision  with a jitney on a level crossing.
3. Many people were injured when the building demolished/collapsed.
4. No ships are sailing today because of the high/tempest  winds.
5. The government has announced plans to help the poor/poverty.
6. Everyone agrees that the surround/nature  must be protected.
7. There are few jobs here and many people are away from work/unemployed.
8. The driver of the motorcoach admitted that he had done/made  an error.
9. There was a big demonstration/manifestation  against nuclear ability.

5. Put the right word in each space:

1. Food has been sent to areas in Africa suffering from........................
2. Many people live in overcrowded.......................on the edge of the metropolis.
3. The cost of.......................has risen steadily this twelvemonth.
4. Thousands of buildings cruel downward during a severe........................
5. The eruption of the volcano was a terrible........................
6. Hundreds of people were drowned during the.......................in China.
7. Large cities face the problem of what to do with household........................
8. Doctors appear that there was at present a cure for the........................

TEXT

Radar

On May 7th, 1915, during the Kickoff World War (1914-1918), a big British passenger ship, the Lusitania, was sailing in perfect weather from America to England, with two grand people on board. All of a sudden, at about half past 2 in the afternoon, there were two fearful explosions. The ship shook from terminate to end, and many people were thrown off their anxiety. A German submarine had fired at the Lusitania and blown two holes in her lesser. The bounding main rushed into her engine-rooms, and virtually immediately the transport began to sink.

She sank in but 20 minutes; and virtually one m people lost their lives.

The captain could not encounter the submarine that attacked his ship, and he had no instrument to evidence him the danger. Now the danger of surprise attacks against ships and collisions with icebergs is profoundly reduced by radar. This radio instrument finds the position and altitude of objects which the human being eye may not be able to see; it likewise records the management and speed of moving objects, such as ships and aeroplanes. Radar can option out objects more than a hundred miles away in the worst weather weather condition, when we can see perhaps no further than a hundred yards.

Radar works in this style. Powerful transmitters send out a stream of radio-waves, called "pulses", at the rate of perhaps m every second. These pulses shoot through the air at a speed of one hundred and lxxx-six 1000 miles a second till they hit an object, perhaps a ship, an plane, an iceberg or a hill. These pulses cannot become through the object; and and then they immediately shoot back at the same speed, in the opposite management, and hitting the aerial of the radar. The moment this happens, a spot or line of calorie-free appears on the radar screen, showing the position and distance of the object.

Today radar is used for many peaceful purposes all over the earth. Modernistic ships of all nations carry radar to help them sail in bad conditions, when it is possible to see for a altitude of perhaps merely a few hundred yards. In the past, the captain usually had to anchor his ship at such times and await for conditions to improve. But today a ship with radar tin can canvas in almost whatsoever weather weather, with no danger of an accident.

Radar also helps to guide aeroplanes beyond the world. Radio signals called beams are transmitted into the sky from land radio stations at a number of points along their course. The pilots can hear these signals on their radio and see them on their radar screen. The beams arg similar sign-posts in the sky. A airplane pilot guides his aeroplane towards one beam, and then flies on to the adjacent beam. At the stop of his journey, he will state his airplane with the assistance of radar.

Trained men at the airport watch the aeroplane on their radar screen and tell the pilot by radio the course to follow, they tell him when and by how much to reduce acme, and give any other orders that may be necessary.

(Give-and-take count 539)

Answer the questions to text

ane. The Lusitania was wrecked because

1) she was overloaded with two thousand people aboard

2) of the fearful explosion of some substance she carried on board

3) she got sudden gaps in her bottom

4) she carried out military operations during the First World War

two. Which of the following observations reflects the primary idea of the text best of all?

one) Radar is one of the vitally important discoveries of the 20th century

2) Radar could have prevented the catastrophy of the Lusitania

3) To exist able to use radar ane should know in detail how it works

iv) Radar is widely used in aviation and sailing

iii. Radar is very helpful in

1) forecasting weather atmospheric condition.

ii) hitting various objects, such as ships, aeroplanes, icebergs, hills.

3) recording the management and speed of moving objects over a hundred miles away.

four) sending out radio-waves to transmit information.

4. Which of the following statements is not truthful?

1) Now the danger of surprise attacks against ships is eliminated past radar.

2) Before the invention of radar sailing must have taken a longer time than now.

three) Ships all over the world began to carry radar non before the invention of the

radio.

four) Radar is used for spotting afar objects.

5. Information technology follows from the text that

1) the passengers of the Lusitania died in the accident.

2) radar is used but in bad weather conditions, when nosotros can see perhaps no

further than a hundred yards.

3) the radar effect would be impossible if the pulses were non reflected by the

target objects.

4) anyone can guide aeroplanes with the assistance of radar.

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

ТЕСТ

I. Выберите единственный правильный вариант из предложенных для заполнения пропуска.

1. The chairman proposed that the thing  _____  at the next meeting.

one) be decided

two) should make up one's mind

three) to be decided

4) will be decided

2. If you  _____  this book you lot  _____  to replace it.

i) will lose, will have

two) lose, volition have

three) had lost, must

iv) volition lose, volition demand

3. Nosotros insist that a meeting _____ as shortly as possible.

one) to be held

2) should be held

three) will be held

4) to concord

4. If Alison ____ another half hour'due south work, she ____ it by the time the children get home.

1) has done; finished

two) would do; would have finished

3) does; will have finished

4) did; finishes

5. If you  _____  more than than 10 books we  _____  the cost of each book by 10%.

1) buy, will reduce

two) volition buy, reduce

3) will buy, will reduce

4) accept bought, reduced

vi. Alison was very surprised and recommended that nosotros ____ all the papers carefully.

i) will bank check

ii) are checking

3) might bank check

4) should check

7. If I ____ a pay rise, I'm going to buy a new automobile.

one) will get

ii) got

3) get

4) would get

eight. Mary-Ann recommended that I _____ careful, and warned not to open the door without asking who information technology was.

one) demand to be

2) was to exist

iii) will be

4) be

nine. I was a trifle taken aback, for my cousin spoke equally though he _____ me before and I was afraid my friends would think then.

ane) never saw

2) has been seen

3) would take never seen

4) had never seen

10. Henry took her paw and said, looking in her eyes: "I'd rather you ____ anyone almost  our conversation."

1) tell

2) won't tell

3) didn't tell

four) don't tell

11. I wish you ____ me before that you can't come to dinner tonight.

1) tell

ii) told

three) had told

four) had been told

12. The children rose  _____  later the poor meal, every bit if they  _____  at all.

1) hungry, did not eat

2) hungrily, had not eaten

three) feeling hungry, have not eaten

4) hungry, had not eaten

13. "It's loftier time you ____ to wait after yourself," Alison demanded.

one) learned

2) acquire

3) had learned

4) take learned

14. It's time that squad ____ a match. They haven't won a lucifer for ages.

1) has won

2) wins

3) won

4) will win

xv. I was as awkward and shy with her as if I  _____  poor Henry.

1) had wounded

two) wounded

iii) were wounded

4) had been wounded

Рекомендуемая литература

1. English Grammat in Use, Raymond Irish potato, Cambridge University Press, 1997

(pp 74-81)

1. Advanced Grammar in Utilize, Martin Hewings, Cambridge University Press, 2000

( рр  198-207)

1. Tests, Texts and Topics for your English Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 55-57)
2. The Heinemann English Grammar, Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, Heintmann, 1992 ( рр  111-120)
3. Revising, Reading and Reasoning for your English Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , А . Р . Жаворонкова , И . В . Извольская , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 71-76)

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